Drupal comes with a collection of fields that will handle most of your needs.
General
Boolean
A true/false value.
Comments
Comment section.
Date
Date value.
Link
URL and optional text.
Timestamp
Linux timestamp.
Email field.
Date range
Start/end date range.
Number
List (float)
List of float numbers.
List (integer)
List of integers.
Number (decimal)
A decimal number.
Number (float)
A float number.
Number (integer)
An integer.
Telephone number
Phone number.
Provided by the Telephone module in Core.
Reference
Content
Reference content items.
File
Reference files.
Image
Reference images.
Media
Reference media.
Taxonomy term
Reference taxonomy terms.
User
Reference users.
Other
Reference other items. For example a block or menu link.
This is a bit obscure but is used sometimes when a reference field doesn't exist for the specific type, like ECK items.
Text
List (text)
A list of text items. Provides a select list to choose from.
Text (formatted)
Formatted text. Limited to 256 characters.
Text (formatted, long)
Long formatted text.
Text (formatted, long, with summary)
Long formatted text with summary. Used as default body field.
Text (plain)
Unformatted short text.
Text (long)
Unformatted long text.