Drupal provides some layouts by default.
Layout Builder
https://git.drupalcode.org/project/drupal/-/blob/11.x/core/modules/layout_builder/layout_builder.layouts.yml?ref_type=heads
Layout Discovery
https://git.drupalcode.org/project/drupal/-/blob/11.x/core/modules/layout_discovery/layout_discovery.layouts.yml?ref_type=heads
The Layout Disable module can configure layouts to block.
See how that works with hook_layout_alter().
Layout Disable is unable to remove the One column layout, which is required by core for some reason.
See this patch for an example of disabling it in the UI with hook_plugin_filter_TYPE__CONSUMER_alter().
https://www.drupal.org/files/issues/2022-08-31/3307055.patch
Some discussion on the method in this issue.
https://www.drupal.org/project/layout_disable/issues/3398261